قبــل دراســـة الـــ Ortho .. تعالــــــوا نجمــــع العظــــــاآآآم

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إزاااي الباشوات و الهوانم المعطلين المأجزين الفضيييين




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ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY
جراحة العظــــــــام

مـادة مقررة على طلاب و طالبات الطب في المستوى التاسع

سهـلة , خفيفـة كما سمعنا عنها و لكنها تحتاج إلى فهم & حفظ تشريح العظـــام

هنــا ..

سنجمع عظـام الجسم بالمعلومات المهمة لكل عظمة , ليكون الموضوع مرجع لنــا عند دراسة هذه المادة بإذن الله ,,


ملاحظة \\

كل وآآآحد & وحدة ياخذ في يده عظمة من الـ 206 عظمات و يكتب رد ...

فضلاً ..لا داعي للردود بدون عظمات حتى لا يتشتت الموضوع .

انتظر تفاعلكم

Bone Tissue Types and Structure

Types of bone tissue

Bone tissue can be classified in several ways, including texture, matrix arrangement, maturity, and developmental origin

Based on texture of cross sections, bone tissue can be classified as follows:

• Compact bone
• 
• (dense bone, cortical bone): Compact bone is ivorylike and dense in texture without cavities. It is the shell of many bones and surrounds the trabecular bone in the center. Compact bone consists mainly of haversian systems or secondary
• osteons.
• Sponge bone
• (trabecular bone, cancellous bone):
• Sponge bone is so named because it is spongelike with numerous cavities. It is located within the medullary cavity and consists of extensively connected bony trabeculae ( ) that are oriented along the lines of stress.
  • In contrast to compact bone, complete osteons are usually absent in sponge bone due to the thinness of the trabeculae. Sponge bone is also more metabolically active than compact bone because of its much larger surface area for
  • remodeling.

صورة توضح الـ Compact bone & Sponge bone

Based on matrix arrangement, bone tissue can be classified as follows:

• Lamellar bone (secondary bone tissue): Lamellar bone is mature bone with collagen fibers that are arranged in lamellae. In contrast to sponge bone, in which lamellae are arranged parallel to each other, in compact bone, the lamellae are concentrically organized around a vascular canal, termed a haversian canal.
• Woven bone (primary bone tissue): Woven bone is immature bone, in which collagen fibers are arranged in irregular random arrays and contain smaller amounts of mineral substance and a higher proportion of osteocytes than lamellar bone. Woven bone is temporary and is eventually converted to lamellar bone; this type of bone is also pathologic tissue in adults, except in a few places, such as areas near the sutures of the flat bones of the skull, tooth sockets and the insertion site of some tendons
• Based on maturity, bone tissue can be classified as follows:

• Immature bone (primary bone tissue): Immature bone is woven bone.
• Mature bone (secondary bone tissue) Mature bone is characteristically lamellar bone. Almost all bones in adults are
• lamellar bones.

Based on developmental origin, bones can be classified as follows:

• Intramembranous bone

mesenchymal bone: Intramembranous bone develops from direct transformation of condensed mesenchyme. Flat bones are formed in this way.
Intracartilaginous bone
cartilage bone
endochondral bone
Intracartilaginous bone forms by replacing a reformed cartilage model. Long bones are formed in this way.

هنــا صور لجميع مكونات العظام

تحت الميكروسكوب

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254517-media

لي عودة بعد إختبار الكموينتي

مشكورة والله يجزاك الجنة

The radius has a body and two extremities. The upper extremity of the radius consists of a somewhat cylindrical head articulating with the humerus, a neck, and a single tuberosity. The body of the radius is self-explanatory, and the lower extremity of the radius is roughly quadrilateral in shape, with articular surfaces for the ulna, scaphoid and lunate bones
Muscle attachments

The biceps muscle attaches to the tuberosity of the upper extremity of the bone. The upper third of the body of the bone attaches to the supinator, the flexor digitorum superficialis, and the flexor pollicis longus muscles. The middle third of the body attaches to the extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis, extensor primi internodii pollicis, and the pronator teres muscles. The lower quarter of the body attaches to the pronator quadratus muscle and the tendon of the supinator longus.
Structure

The long narrow medullary cavity is enclosed in a strong wall of compact bone. It is thickest along the interosseous border and thinnest at the extremities, save over the cup-shaped articular surface (fovea) of the head.
The trabeculae of the spongy tissue are somewhat arched at the upper end and pass upward from the compact layer of the shaft to the fovea capituli (the humerus's cup-shaped articulatory notch); they are crossed by others parallel to the surface of the fovea. The arrangement at the lower end is somewhat similar. It is missing in radial aplasia.



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The femur , the longest and strongest bone in the skeleton, is almost perfectly cylindrical in the greater part of its extent
The upper extremity presents for examination a head, a neck, a greater and a lesser trochanter. 2
The femur, like other long bones, is divisible into a body and two extremities
The upper extremity presents for examination a head, a neck, a greater and a lesser trochanter


.
The upper extremity presents for examination a head, a neck, a greater and a lesser trochanter. 2
The upper extremity presents for examination a head, a neck, a greater and a lesser trochanter. 2

The hip bone, innominate bone or coxal bone is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. It has one of the few ball and socket synovial joints in the body – the so called hip joint.
It meets its fellow on the opposite side in the middle line in front, and together they form the sides and anterior wall of the pelvic cavity.
Together with the sacrum and coccyx, it comprises the pelvis

Components
It consists of three parts, the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which are distinct from each other in the young subject, but are fused in the adult; the union of the three parts takes place in and around a large cup-shaped articular cavity, the acetabulum, which is situated near the middle of the outer surface of the bone.

• The ilium, so-called because it supports the flank, is the superior broad and expanded portion which extends upward from the acetabulum.

• The ischium is the lowest and strongest portion of the bone; it proceeds downward from the acetabulum, expands into a large tuberosity, and then, curving forward, forms, with the pubis, a large aperture, the obturator foramen.

• The pubis extends medially and inferiorly from the acetabulum and articulates in the midsagittal plane at the pubic symphysis, with the bone of the opposite side: it forms the front of the pelvis and supports the external organs of reproduction
• pelvic girdle
• 
• 
• ..

Patella

Patella is the technical name for the kneecap, the triangular-shaped bone at the front of the knee joint. The patella is held in place by muscles, the lower end of which surrounds the patella and is then attached to the upper part of the tibia shin by patellar tendons The patella protects the knee joint.

Muscles

It is attached to the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, which contracts to extend/straighten the knee. The vastus intermedialis muscle is attached to the base of patella. The vastus lateralis and vastus medialis are attached to lateral and medial borders of patella respectively.
The patella is stabilized by the insertion of vastus medialis and the prominence of the anterior femoral condyles, which prevent lateral dislocation during flexion. The retinacular fibres of the patella also stabilize it during exercise.
[ Function

The primary functional role of the patella is knee extension. The patella increases the leverage that the tendon can exert on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts.
Ossification

In the patella an ossification centre develops between the
ages 3-4 years.

innervation
Branches from femoral nerve

Bones of the hand (dorsal view): a hard, solid organ of the skeleton of the
hand in vertebrates. The human hand is at the end of the arm and is composed of five digits.
Index: second finger of the hand, next to the thumb.
Second finger: middle finger of the hand.
Third finger: second finger from the outside of the hand.
Fourth finger: small finger closest to the outside of the hand.
Distal phalanx: bone at the end of a finger.
Middle phalanx: small, middle bone of a finger.
Proximal phalanx: small bone of a finger, closest to the palm of the hand.
Phalanges: jointed segment of a finger.
Metacarpal bones: bones of the hand between the carpals and the phalanges.
Carpometacarpal joint (CM): joint of the carpus and metacarpus.
Carpal bones: jointed parts of the hand between the forearm and the metacarpals.
Thumb: the largest, shortest and most important of the digits of the hand.
Metacarpophalangeal joint (MP): joint between the metacarpals and the phalanges.
Interphalangeal joint (IP): joint between the first and second phalanges.
Interphalangeal joint (IP): joint between the second and third phalanges.


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وبما أني من مقدسي الـ Interactive learning

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http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skele...menu/menu.html

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Tibia


The tibia, shinbone, or shankbone is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula), and connects the knee with the ankle bones. The tibia is named for the greek aulos flute, also known as a tibia. It is commonly recognised as the strongest weight bearing bone in the body

The tibia is found next to the fibula. It is the second largest bone in the human body, the largest being the femur. The tibia articulates with the femur superiorly, the fibula laterally and with the talus inferiorly.

[ Gender differences
In the male, its direction is vertical, and parallel with the bone of the opposite side. In the female, it has a slightly oblique direction downward and laterally, to compensate for the greater obliqueness of the femur.

[ Structure
It is prismoid in form, expanded above, where it enters into the knee-joint, contracted in the lower third, and again enlarged but to a lesser extent towards the ankle joint.

The superior tibiofibular articulation is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula. The inferior tibiofibular articulation (tibiofibular syndesmosis) is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the lower end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia. The tibia is connected to the fibula by an interosseous membrane, forming a type of joint called a syndesmoses. The forward flat part of the tibia is called the fibia, often confused with the fibula.

[ Blood supply
The tibia derives its arterial blood supply from two sources:[1]

1.the nutrient artery (main source)
2.periosteal vessels derived from the anterior tibial artery

Muscle attachments